To investigate the effect of vermicompost, N fertilizer and their integration on growth, biological and essential yields oil and its components in two populations (Varamin and Isfahan), an experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications in the field of Isfahan Medicinal Plants Research Center in 2016. fertilizer treatments including 100% urea, vermicompost 33.3 and urea 66.6%, vermicompost 66.6 and urea 33.3%, 100% vermicompost and control treatment (without fertilizer) as the first factor and Varamin and Isfahan populations as the second factor were selected. The results showed that the interaction effects of nitrogen fertilizer and populations on all studied traits were significant. In both populations, nitrogen fertilizer improved height, biological and essential oil yields, content of essential oil compounds (d-Carvone and its yield, α-phellandrene and linalool; except p-Cymene and Limonene in Isfahan population). Since in medicinal plants, the quantity (biological yield) and quality (essential oil and d-Carvone; the most important ingredient and the highest amount of essential oil in this experiment), 66.6% vermicompost + 33.3% urea in Varamin population, was the best treatment in the experiment. In addition an in the direction of human health and sustainable agriculture, it is possible to reduce 33% of chemical fertilizers application and pollution; however, in terms of other essential oil contents (α-phellandrene, Linalool and p-Cymene), 100% vermicompost fertilizer treatment was superior in Isfahan population.

To investigate the effect of application of bio-fertilizer (Barvar-2) and possibility of replacement with phosphorus chemical fertilizer a factorial experiment performed based on completely randomized block design with three replication in Agricultural station of Islamic Azad University of Tabriz during 2014. Experimental treatments consisted of phosphorus biological fertilizer in two levels (without and application of Barvar-2) and chemical fertilizer in three levels: 0, 50 and 100% of recommended dose according to soil analysis (equal 75 kg. ha-1). The results showed that the two phosphorus fertilizer levels were same increase on grain yield and this trait and increased about 34 and 33. 1 as compared to control respectively. Level of 50% of phosphorus chemical fertilizer via increase of grain number in bush and 100% grain weight caused increase in grain yield. While in comparison level of 100% phosphorus chemical fertilizer only with increase in number of grains were increased grain yield. The amount of increase in grain number in bush under 50 and 100% of phosphorus chemical fertilizer was 18. 7 and 31. 2% respectively. The 100-grain weight of lentil increase 17% with application of 50% phosphorus chemical fertilizer. For traits: Leaf area index, Chlorophyll index and Dry weight of leaf were not significantly different between 50 and 100% of phosphorus chemical fertilizer. Application of biofertilizer had the significant effect in grain yield of lentil. Application of Barvar-2 had 18. 2% increases in grain yield of lentil in comparison with control. Increase in grain yield under effect of bio-fertilizer application only in relation to increase in grain number in bush and 100-grain weight not affected. With regard to these results, it can be said that application of 50% phosphorus chemical fertilizer with Barvar-2 had optimum amount in grain yield of lentil and that suggested for this region.

Geoelectrical resistivity, hydrogeochemical and soil properties analysis methods were used for chemical fertilizer monitoring in sandy soil at a palm oil plantation in Machang, Malaysia. The time lapse monitoring was done using these methods five times within a three-month period. The hydrogeochemical analysis was conducted over three auger holes to a depth of 1 m and sampled at 25 cm intervals. chemical fertilizer was applied to the 21 x 21 m2 area after the first data set measurement. The areas outside of this fertilized zone are considered a nonfertilized zone. The other four data sets were acquired at about equal time intervals, thus giving a four-post fertilization data set. The hydrogeochemical measurements indicate that the cations content are relatively similar for every time lapse measurement. However, relatively higher changes of anions content occur at the surface level to a depth of 1 m. The nitrate concentration above the limit for safe human consumption as it returns to the initial value about 100 days after fertilization. The geoelectrical model prior to fertilization showed similar resistivity values at near surface to a depth of about 75 cm with no significant occurrences of low resistivity values. Lower resistivity values were obtained during the second, third, fourth and fifth measurements within the chemically fertilized zone. In the last measurement, the resistivity values in the fertilized zone are almost similar to the nonfertilized zone. This indicates that the contaminant has dissolved into the surrounding environment within this time period.

In order to determine the rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L. ) dry matter and weeds under different fertilizer sources, an experiment was conducted as a split plot in a randomized complete block design with three replications at Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University in 2016. In this experiment, the treatments include competition between plants and weeds (weedy check and weed free) as the main factor, with the sub factor being fertilizer sources, namely sheep manure, vermicompost, sheep manure + vermicompost, NPK chemical fertilizer (N 46%, P2O5 46%, and K2O 50%), NPK Nano-fertilizer, and the control (no fertilizer). Results show that competition with weeds cause rosemary shift the maximum dry matter to the upper layers of canopy (20-40 cm), while in weed free treatment, rosemary has had higher ability and uniformity in dry matter distribution in the two primary canopy layers, compared to competition with weeds. In this regard, vermicompost treatment has been successful with a mean of 49. 51 g plant-1. Studies on density and weed biomass show that the use of vermicompost (treatment 2) reduce density and biomass of weeds, while the chemical fertilizer causes the highest weed density and biomass. According to the results, the use of organic fertilizers such as vermicompost, not only reduce the use of chemical fertilizers and do not have environmental consequences, but have also the high ability to suppress weeds growth and decrease weed density and biomass.

In order to explore the effect of chemical and Nano bio-fertilizer on quality and quantity of sesame genotypes, an experiment was conducted in a completely randomized block design with three replications at Agricultural Research Institute of Zabol University in 2014-2015 growing season. Treatments included three sesame genotypes (Ardakan, Isfahan and Sistan landrace) as main plot and fertilizer type included 100% of recommended chemical fertilizer, 75% of recommended chemical fertilizer+ 1. 5 kg. ha-1 of nano bio-fertilizer, 50% of recommended chemical fertilizer+ 1. 5 kg. ha-1 of nano bio-fertilizer, 25% of recommended chemical fertilizer+ 1. 5 kg. ha-1 of nano bio-fertilizer and 1. 5 kg. ha-1 of nano bio-fertilizer as subplots. The results showed that using 100% of recommended chemical fertilizer caused significant increase in plant height, number of capsule per square meter, thousand seed weight, seed yield, and biomass. The highest of capsule number per square meter (2256 number) was obtained from Sistan landrace with the application of 100% of recommended chemical fertilizer. The number of capsule per square meter, number of seeds per capsule, thousand seed weight, seed yield, biomass, harvest index, chlorophyll index and protein percentage showed significant increase in Sistan landrace in comparison with the other genotypes. The results showed that the highest seed yield was obtained (1428. 07 kg. h-1) from Sistan landrace and the highest oil percentage (41. 7%) was obtained from Isfahan genotype. According to the results, it could be said that the 100 kg. ha-1 of potassium sulfate, ammonium phosphate and urea application can be beneficial in increasing yield and improving growth characteristics of sesame.

With respect to impact of chemical fertilizer subsidy elimination on wheat production costs, this study aimed at evaluating welfare impacts of reduction in chemical fertilizer subsidy on bread consumers. To achieve this objective, supply and demand of bread was estimated using data for period of 1353-85 (1974-2006). Then, welfare effects of subsidy reduction were determined. Findings of study showed that due to lack of sensitiveness of bread consumers to price changes, the increase in cost of wheat production would transfer to consumers via bread price increase. As a result, consumers would loose 661.8 billion Rials as chemical fertilizer subsidy was eliminated. Meanwhile, government expenditure decreased by 3927.6 billion Rials, and overall impact was 3265.8 billion Rials gain for the society. The results also indicated that the removal of chemical fertilizer subsidy is expected to increase the bread retail price by 6.72 percent. Finally, gradual reduction of chemical fertilizer subsidy and targeting subsidy paid to bread consumers is recommended.